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dk books for babies

Sudden Infant

Overview
Normally, the baby is found dead after having been put to bed, and shows no sign of having suffered.
SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion. Only be applied to a baby whose death remains unexplained and unexpected sudden after conducting a proper investigation, including autopsy
autopsy;
search the scene and circumstances of death;
exploration medical history of the child and family.
SIDS is responsible for 0,543 deaths per 1,000 live births in the United States in 2005. Is responsible many fewer deaths than congenital malformations and disorders related to short gestation, although the main cause of death healthy children after one month of age.
SIDS deaths in the United States declined from 4,895 in 1992 to 2,247 in 2004. But during a similar period of 1989 to 2004, SIDS seems to be the cause of death of sudden infant death (SID) is increased from 80% to 55%. According to Dr. John Kattwinkel, chairman of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Special Working Power of Small Island States "Many of us fear that the rate (MSN) does not decrease significantly, but much of this is the code change.
Nomenclature
Australia and New Zealand replacing the term sudden unexplained death in childhood (MSL) for clarity job classification, scientific and legal.
The term is often MSL instead of sudden death syndrome child (SIDS) because some coroners prefer the term ndetermined for a death previously considered SIDS. This change is driving change in the diagnostic data on mortality.
SIDS Back to Sleep campaign: the history and theory
In 1985, Davies said that in Hong Kong, where China custom called for the position of infant sleep in a supine (face), SIDS has been an uncommon problem. In 1987, the Netherlands has launched a campaign advising parents to place their children to sleep on their backs (supine position) instead of face down (pronation). It was followed by campaigns supine sleeping child in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia in 1991, the United States and Sweden in 1992 and Canada in 1993.
This advice is based on the epidemiology of SIDS and physiological evidence shows that babies who sleep on their backs have lower thresholds of arousal and fewer hours of slow-wave sleep (SWS) compared to babies who sleep on their stomachs. In human infants develops rapidly during early development of sleep. This development includes an increase in the sleep eye movement non-rapid (slow) which is also called quiet sleep (QS) during the first 12 months of life, in association with decreased REM sleep (REM) sleep, also known as active sleep (AS). In addition, the slow-wave sleep (SWS) with stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep appears at 2 months and the theory that some children have a defect brainstem, which increases the risk of not awakening from SWS (also known as deep sleep) and therefore have an increased risk of sudden death due to decreased ability awaken in SWS.
Studies have shown that premature babies born at term and older infants are more periods time of quiet sleep and decreased sleep time when placed to sleep on their stomachs. In both human infants and rats showed relaxation that higher levels of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during slow wave sleep.
In 1992, a strategy to reduce SIDS risk reduction based on the threshold of arousal during SWS was conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) began recommend that healthy infants be placed to sleep on their backs (supine) or side (lateral position), instead of facedown (Subject) when he falls asleep. In 1994, a number of organizations in the United States combined to provide more of these recommendations did not tend sleeping position and became officially known as the recognition of sleep campaign. In 1996, the AAP perfected their sleep position recommendation by stating that children must be placed to sleep in the supine position and not in the subjects or the side.
In 1992, the first National Infant Sleep Position (NISP) household survey was conducted to determine the usual position among U.S. mothers bring their babies to sleep: lateral (side), prone (stomach), back (again), others, or no usual position. According to the NISP 1992 survey, 13.0% U.S. children were placed in the supine position to sleep. According to the 2006 survey 75.7% of children were placed in NISP supine to sleep.
Since 1998 there have been several published studies report that children placed to sleep supine, delays in motor skills, social skills and cognitive development compared with infants who sleep in the prone position. In a 1998 article entitled defects of sleep position on infant motor development. by Davis, Moon, Sachs, and Ottolini, e-authors found that sleep position to impact on development Early motor. The prone position (stomach) sleeping children in this study slept an average of 225.2 hours (8.3%) over the first 6 months of life that the position lying (again) for sleeping children.
In the 1998 paper OES sleep position supine harm the child? II. Development in the first 18 Months31] for Dewey, Fleming, Golding, and ALSPAC Study Team The study aimed to assess whether the recommendations that infants sleep supine could have adverse effects on motor and mental development. They used the test development Denver (DDST) and the children studied 6 and 18 months. According to the study, at 6 months of age, children who were placed to sleep in the prone position was statistically significant higher scores high social skills, gross motor scores and total scores Development child who was put to sleep supine. In the 2005 document positioning sleep supine on the right INFLUENCE early Engine acquisition29] by Majnemer and Barr used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale scores (AIMS scores) to analyze the impact of infant sleep position. Ypically reported the development of children who sleep in the supine had delayed motor development at age 6 months, and this was significantly associated with limited exposure to awake subjects. However, the authors also indicate that the subjects awake (stomach) is associated in prone position (stomach) sleeping. There have been no studies comparing supine sleeping babies regularly awake position prone (face down time) children may have regular sleep awake supine (face-down time).
Placing babies on their stomachs while awake (tummy) was recommended to compensate for delays in motor skills associated with prone position, but put the baby on his tummy when awake will not affect the amount of REM sleep from the time of the stomach occurs only when baby is awake.
undiagnosed conditions
Some conditions can be diagnosed and therefore may be diagnostic alternative to MSN include:
medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD);
infant botulism;
syndrome Long QT (which less than 2% of cases);
infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori;
Shaken Baby Syndrome and other forms of violence against children.
For example a child with MCAD deficiency may be the classic SIDS death "if it is wrapped and belly, her head covered an overheated room where parents were smokers. The MCAD gene and susceptibility to long QT syndrome failing to protect a baby die of SIDS classic. Since both the presence of a susceptibility gene as MCAD, means that the baby could have died either SIDS or deficit MCAD. It is impossible to distinguish the pathologist.
Risk factors
Very little on some possible causes of SIDS, and there is no method proven prevention exists. Although studies have identified risk factors for SIDS, such as placing babies to sleep on their stomachs, there was little knowledge about the syndrome of biological cause or causes. The incidence of sudden death appears to be a strong function of child gender, age and ethnicity, education and socio-economic status of parents of the baby.
According to a study published in October 2007 in the Journal of American Medical Association, babies die of SIDS have abnormalities in the brainstem (medulla oblongata), which helps control functions in blood pressure like breathing and arousal, and abnormalities in serotonin signaling. According to the National Institutes of Health, which funded the study, this finding is the best evidence to date that the structural differences in a specific part of the brain may contribute to the risk of SIDS.
In a study British published May 29, 2008 Researchers have found that common bacterial infections of Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and E. coli (E. coli) appear to be the cause of some cases of sudden death syndrome in infants. Both bacteria were present in concentrations above normal in babies died of SIDS. SIDS cases peak between eight and ten weeks after birth, which is also the time when antibodies from mother to child is beginning to disappear and babies have not made their own antibodies.
The following are several factors associated with a higher probability of the syndrome based Information available prior to this recent study.
Prenatal risks
the use of the mother of nicotine (nicotine patches or snuff)
inadequate prenatal care
inadequate prenatal nutrition
heroin, cocaine and other drugs
subsequent births less than a year apart
alcohol
Overweight Children
Mother overweight
Pregnancies teen (if the baby has a teenage mother, who has a higher risk)
baby sex (60% of SIDS cases occur in men)
After delivery risk
mold (can cause bleeding lungs and a variety of other unusual conditions, leading to a diagnosis wrong and death). It is often misdiagnosed as a virus, influenza, and / or conditions like asthma.
Low birth weight (In the U.S. the rate of 1.995 to 1.998 g in 1000-1499 and 3500-3999 was 2.89/1000 0.51/1000 g)
exposure to snuff
position prone sleeping (Lying on your stomach, sleep positioning below)
not to breastfeed
high temperature or low
excess bedding, clothing, sleeping surface soft and plush animals
Co-sleeping with their parents or other siblings increases the risk of accidental suffocation
child's age (increasing zero incidence at birth is greater than two to four months, and decreases to zero at one year)
premature birth (increase risk of death in SIDS about 4 times. Ussidi In 1995-1998 rate of 3739 weeks of gestation was 0.73/1000; The SIDS rate for 2831 weeks of gestation was 2.39/1000)
anemia
Risk reduction for SIDS
Although SIDS can not not be avoided, parents, children are encouraged to take several precautions to reduce the risk of sudden death.
Environment
Position Sleep
Sleeping in the back has been recommended by (among others), the American Academy of Pediatrics (since 1992) to prevent SIDS, with the slogan "Back To Bed" and "Back to Sleep." The incidence of SIDS has fallen sharply in a number of countries where there was a return to the recommendation of bed widely adopted, the United States and New Zealand. However, the absolute incidence of SIDS, before returning to the campaign of the Sleep was already declining in the United States from 1511 to 1000 in 1979-1301 to 1,000 in 1991.
Among the theories supporting the recommendation back to sleep, is the idea that young children with little or no head, still face down, his breathing expired air (rich in carbon dioxide) or drown in your brainstem abnormality beddinghe search (above) suggests that infants with specific genetic makeup, does not react "normally" CO2 to leave the combined cycle, and thus stifle. Another quote [Necessary theory] is that babies sleep better when they are placed face down unable to wake up when they have an incidence of sleep apnea, which is supposed to be common in babies.
Arguments against infant sleep include the concern that children could choke on liquids that entails. Hospital neonatal intensive care unit infants (NICU) staff often be premature in your stomach, even if the parents advising their children to place it after returning from the hospital.
Other concerns raised about the campaign "Back to sleep included the possible increased risk of the position of facial deformities interference and head (see positional plagiocephaly), with the possible development of good sleep habits (which in turn may have other negative effects), and possible interference with motor activity (such as children within attempts to raise his head, crawl, etc.).
Breastfeeding
A study 2003, published in Pediatrics, which investigated racial disparities in infant mortality in Chicago showed that infants previously or currently breastfeeding mothers in the study were 1.5 times the rate of sudden death compared with infants not breastfed, but "it was not significant in the multivariate model that included other environmental factors. "These results are consistent with most published reports indicate that other factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding are protective. "However, a study More recent shows that breastfeeding reduces the risk of SIDS by about 50% of all infant ages.
Co-sleeping
In almost all incidents, the higher the co-sleeping, the higher the rate of sudden death, and vice versa. http://thebabybond.com/Cosleeping&SIDSFactSheet.html The data suggest that almost all the SIDS deaths in adult beds occur when other prevention methods, for example by placing children on their backs, not used. The bed sharing has been studied in the West occurs mainly in the poorest households, where other risk factors are present. So that co-sleeping in other crops, as China is more common and is used in conjunction with practices such that children who sleep on their backs, in correlation with a significantly lower rate than studies of SIDS West.Further suggested that factors associated with co-sleeping safe as clocks higher infant high officials are a positive contribution to the prevention of SIDS.
A 2005 policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics on the environment and the risk of SIDS sleep considered co-sleeping and bed sharing dangerous. An article reports that co-sleeping children are at increased risk airways when covering the same child sleeps alone in a crib.
Reduce secondhand smoke
According to the U.S. Surgeon's Report General, secondhand smoke is linked to small island states. Babies who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (a biomarker for exposure to second hand smoke) in the lungs than those who die of other causes. Babies exposed to secondhand smoke after birth also snuff have an increased risk of SIDS. Parents who smoke may significantly reduce the risk of their children SIDS, either quit or smoke outside and to leave their homes entirely smoke free.
The pregnancy rate for maternal smoking has decreased by 38% between 1990 and 2002.
Rest area
Beds
Expert product safety, warning against the use of pillows, sleep positioners, pillows, stuffed toys or clothing, soft bedding in the crib and to recommend instead dress the child with care and maintenance home "naked".
Blankets should not be placed on the head of a baby. It was recommended that children should be subject only to the chest with his bare arms. This reduces the possibility that the movement of the baby blanket his head. [Citation needed]
Bags Sleeping
In cold climates, where the beds are needed to maintain body temperature of a baby using a bag of "sleep Baby "or" sleeping bag "is increasingly popular. It is a soft bag with holes for the baby in his arms and head. A zipper can close the bag around the baby. A study published in the European Journal of Pediatrics in August 1998 showed the protective effects of a sleeping bag that reducing the impact of moving from back to front during sleep, strengthening to a baby to sleep on the back for placement on the sleeping bag and prevention are the beds along the front leading to increased temperature and carbon dioxide rebreathing. Authors conclude in their study "use of a sleeping bag should be encouraged especially for babies with low birth weight. "The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends them as a type of bed the child warm without covering the use of layers head.The a traditional form of child safety, leaving only his head uncovered, is controversial.
Lollipops
A meta-analysis of 2005 most studies support the use of pacifiers. The American Academy of Pediatrics, pacifier use appears to reduce the risk of sudden death, although the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. SIDS experts and policy makers do not recommend the use of pacifiers reduce the risk of sudden death in Due to various problems associated with pacifier use and a higher risk of ear infections, gastrointestinal infections and Oral colonization of Candida species. A 2005 study showed that using a pacifier is associated with a reduction of up to 90% risk of SIDS based on environmental factors and reduces the effect of other risk factors. It has been speculated that the raised surface of the teat is the face of the baby's mattress, which reduces the risk of suffocation. If a post-mortem does not occur or is insufficient, the baby can be smothered diagnosed with SIDS.
the use of air circulation fan
A study of nearly 500 infants published in October 2008 Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, using a fan to circulate the air is correlated with a decreased risk of sudden death syndrome infant. The researchers took into account risk factors and found that fan use was associated with a 72% lower risk of SIDS. Only 3% of babies who died had a fan in the room during their last sleep, the mothers reported. This compares to 12% of babies who lived. Using a fan reduced risk most for babies in poor sleeping environments. Author De-Kun Li said: "Environmental Sleeping baby really matters "and that" this seems to suggest that by improving room ventilation can further reduce risk. "
New link. A special fan, small ventilation for fresh and direct children sleeping area, cradle or bassinet.
Bumper pads
Borders protection may be a contributing factor in SIDS deaths and should be eliminated. Health Canada, Canadian government department of health, issued advice against the use of home care, including:
The presence of bumper pads in the crib can also be a contributing factor to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). These products can reduce the flow of oxygen rich air to the baby in the cradle. In addition, the proposed theories indicate that the rebreathing of carbon dioxide plays a role in the emergence of SIDS.
Associations speculated
A number of theoretical reasons have been proposed as a trigger for SIDS, but many of them are not tested or have not been carefully studied and reviewed by peers. In June 2009 there were 113 items found in Medical Hypotheses as cited in PubMed.
Anemia
The anemia is not a documented risk factor for SIDS, in itself, because at the time of death of hemoglobin in the blood begins to degrade. This degradation may be slow or fast and is represented in livor mortis, the red marble that can be developed within 30 minutes of death. Because SIDS usually occurs during sleep and goes unnoticed, the time interval between the time of death and autopsy is unknown if You Can not make the correction in the value of hemoglobin post-mortem to determine the value immediately before death before his death. However, anemia is an apparent risk factor for life events in danger (ALTE), as described by poets and others. (1992) mentioned above where anemia is shown as a risk factor for postnatal.
oxygen deprivation
A 2003 study showed a frequent cause of infant mortality is due to parents / guardians to leave the child's face in his bed. So it what the child can not breathe. A child aged 1 month to 6 months … Development does not have the muscles to move your head … it is therefore beneficial if the child put his head upwards. In addition, the autopsy revealed the absence of necrotic tissue in any part of the body due to lack of oxygen. Due to the fact that the child generally has more hemoglobin and normal adult. Have their blood that can "hold" more oxygen.
Mattresses errors
A 2004 study assumed that insects feeding babies, vomiting and dust could be fatal for young children, creating "supertoxins" to stimulate the baby's body exaggerated, leading to anaphylactic shock.
brain disorder
A research article published recently that showed evidence of cells in the brainstem receptors are not developed of serotonin in the uterus. This anomaly may continue after birth until the end of the first year. This would explain there are few or no cases of SIDS after the first year of childhood and the reason is the risk for premature babies. Males have fewer receptors serotonin women, perhaps contributing to the increased incidence of SIDS in the population.
In addition, a study was conducted in 2006. Showed a possible cause sudden death because the parents let the children in a Trendelenburg position. This position may cause the brain stem fall … and, consequently, the brain gets "crushed". Good starting position for a child is high or Sims or Fowler.
Vitamin C
In the 1970s, high doses of vitamin C is promoted as a preventive measure for SIDS, although the claim was controversial, even then. Other studies do not support a preventive role of vitamin C in SIDS. In contrast, a study conducted in 2009 revealed that high levels of vitamin C is strongly associated with SIDS, possibly through an interaction pro-oxidant iron.
Toxic Gases
In 1989, a controversial piece of research by British scientist Barry Richardson said the deaths were the result of the cradle toxic nerve gases are produced by the action of fungus in mattresses on compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. These chemicals are often used to make mattresses flame.
An important element in this explanation is the widely observed phenomenon that the higher risk sudden death of a brother to another. Richardson argues that the reason is that parents are more likely to buy new bedding with her first child, and reuse of bedding for the children later. The most common is the bedding, the more likely that the fungus has become resident in the material, so a more greater chance of sudden death. An article by Peter Fleming and Peter Blair references from other studies that both supports and rejects the presence growing small island states in exchange for mattresses and suggests that this is not conclusive.
Dr. Jim Sprott advises parents to buy new bedding or free of toxic compounds or to wrap mattresses in a barrier film to prevent leakage of gas. Sprott says no cases of sudden death was attributed to a well-done or wrapped mattress.
However, a final report of the Panel of Experts to Investigate Cot Death Theories: gas toxic hypothesis, published in May 1998, concluded that "there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that toxic gases and antimony phosphorus-containing compounds used as flame retardants in PVC and other materials from bed mattresses are a cause of SIDS. There was no evidence to believe that these chemicals could pose a health risk to babies. The report also notes that "under normal conditions and the cradle is not can generate toxic fumes of antimony in the mattress "and" babies were also found wrapped in blankets die. "
Unlike advertising, the 1998 UK Limerick Report did not disprove the toxic gas theory, a scientist highly skilled environment was reported in the New Zealand Medical Journal. In fact, experiments have shown Commission Limerick generation Fungi toxic gases (forms of arsine and stibnite) from bed mattress materials.
According to Dr Sprott, from 2006, the New Zealand Government has not reported any cases of SIDS when babies sleep on mattresses wrapped in accordance with his method. Although the report says babies Limerick was found wrapped in blankets to die, Mr. Sprott says Bedding chemical analysis should be performed. He also asserts that part of the report is flawed:
In February 2000, Dr Peter Fleming (co-authored the report of Limerick and lead author of the report of the ESDC UK) acknowledged that the assertion that three babies in the UK died of sudden death in polyethylene-covered mattresses could not be confirmed.
Deficit central respiratory rhythm
Research is ongoing in pediatric and neonatal community has begun to involve apnea, such as halting of respiration in animal models with an unusual architecture and neural signal transduction in the central pattern generator circuits, including complex pre-Btzinger. It is possible that irregularities in the release of neurotransmitters (such as GABA, adenosine, and NMDA) or gaps in partners (including subtypes GABA A and GABA B receptors-NMDA glutamate) are associated with incomplete prenatal development as seen in premature babies. [Citation needed]
cervical spine injury birth injury
During labor, if the baby is traumatic head turned from side to side, high cervical spine injury can cause. Shortness of breath is a classic sign of spinal cord injury High brainstem. When babies diagnosed with upper cervical lesion of the spinal cord are continually put in his stomach to sleep they have to turn the head from side to breathe. It is assumed to aggravate and prolong the spinal cord sustained during childbirth, prevention and healing ultimately leads to fatal respiratory distress. [Quote] Need
Sex
It is a constant over 50% of men in SIDS per 1000 live births of each sex. Given 5% higher than men's birth (105 males and 100 births female) seems there to 3.15 men for 2 women SIDS SIDS by a fraction of males is 0.61. This value of 61% in the United States is an average 57% SIDS black male, 62.2% of SIDS white male and 59.4% for all other races combined. Note that when it comes to lowering children multiracial "Race" is arbitrarily assigned to one category or another, most often the mother chooses. The assumptions for X-assembly SIDS and excess male infant mortality showed that 50% excess of males might be related to a dominant allele X-linked, which occurs with a frequency that is protective of transient cerebral anoxia. A male XY unprotected occur with frequency and a woman without protection XX would occur with a frequency of 49. The ratio is 1.5 to 49 to 1, which coincides with the observed excess rates of 50% of men of sudden death.
Although many authors have found autosomal and mitochondrial genetic risk factors for SIDS that can not not explain the excess of men because these loci have the same frequency for men and women. evidence in support of an X-link is a review of other respiratory causes of infant mortality, such as asphyxiation by inhaling food or other foreign objects. Although the food is prepared in the same way for males and females, there is a similar 50% excess male mortality from these causes shows that men are more susceptible to cerebral anoxia, created by such incidents in exactly the same proportion in SIDS.
The study indicates that there was a relationship between sites of serotonin less restrictive and SIDS noted that boys' significantly binding sites less serotonin than girls. "However, prematurity, neurological decline with age, but the male part persists about 0.61 every month for the first year of life. In addition, it can not explain identical fraction of 0.61 in men other respiratory mortality causes such as respiratory distress syndrome or asphyxia due to inhalation of food or foreign objects mentioned above, which also exists for all ages from 1 to 14 years in the United States from 1979 to 2005.
Child Abuse
Several cases infanticide were covered, where the diagnosis was the cause of SIDS. This has led some researchers estimate that 5% and 20% of SIDS cases are infanticide. In 1997, the New York Times, which covers a book entitled The Death of Innocents: A True Story of murders, Medicine and Science in high-risk wrote:
The misdiagnosis of infanticide as SIDS "is everything," Ms. Talan, a medical reporter at Newsday, he said. "Many doctors and the police do not know how to handle it. Do not take it seriously as it should. "As a result of the revelations of the book, people start to examine possible cases of this "perfect crime", which involves no physical evidence and witnesses.
A former pediatrician Roy Meadow UK believes that many that SIDS cases are actually the result of child abuse by a father showing Munchausen syndrome by proxy (provided it has been first described in 1977). During the 1990's and early 2000, a number of mothers of multiple apparent victims of this syndrome have been recognized guilty of murder, to varying degrees, on the basis of Meadow's opinion. In 2003, a number of acquittals of high-level theories Prado into disrepute. Several hundred murder convictions were reviewed, which led to several high profile cases to be reopened and convictions overturned.
The Royal Statistical Society published a press release to rebut the expert testimony in a case of the United Kingdom where the conviction was later overturned.
Nitrogen dioxide
A 2005 study by researchers at the University of California San Diego, island states is that "small can be linked to high levels of acute exposure to outdoor NO2 in the last day of life. "While nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the exposure may be one of many possible risk factors, there is a causal link, and the report warned that further studies are needed to reproduce the result.
Vaccination
According to the Centers U.S. control studies and prevention have not provided sufficient evidence of a causal link between vaccines and SIDS. Status:
2-4 months, infants begin their primary vaccination. It is also the maximum age for sudden death syndrome (SIDS). The timing of these two events has led some to believe might be linked. However, studies have concluded that vaccines are not a risk factor for SIDS.
ear damage Internal
Records of hearing tests (otoacoustic emissions, OAE) is administered to infants who show some later died of SIDS differences in the structure of these tests compared to normal babies. To be more precise signal OAE for reducing noise in the right ear of baby died of SIDS. (Rubens DD, et al Early Human Development 84, 225-9 (2008)). It should be noted was a small study (n = 31 cases and 31 controls), had serious limitations (number of important factors that were not controlled), and was criticized by a variety of perspectives. suggestion authors for the cause of SIDS is that deaths are caused by alterations in respiratory control (other than by suffocation). The vestibular apparatus the inner ear has been shown to play an important role in respiratory control during sleep. It is speculated that ear damage Internal may be linked to SIDS. It is speculated that the damage occurs during delivery, particularly when prolonged contractions create greater pressure of blood in the placenta. The right ear is directly in the "firing line" of blood entering the fetus through the placenta, and thus perhaps more susceptible to damage. If the results are relevant, it may be possible to take corrective action. Researchers are beginning studies in animals exploring the links.
Side effects of recommendations reduce the risk of SIDS
Dr. Rafael Pelayo of Stanford University and a number researchers from other sleep in U.S. children have said they believe American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations "about the use practice and the teat may have unintended consequences. They said that the SIDS prevention strategy of the American Academy of Pediatrics that babies kept in a low excitation threshold and reduces sleep time can be unhealthy for children. Say the slow-wave sleep Sleep is more restorative and limitation of this dream in the first 12 months of life may have unintended consequences for both sleep and the child.
According to a 1998 study by British researchers who compared back sleeping infants in the stomachs of sleeping infants were no differences in development at the age of 6 months between the two groups. At 6 months old stomach sleeping babies had higher scores of motor scores social skills, and total scores for skills development that children sleep on their backs. The differences were evident at the level of significance 5% statistics. But at 18 months, the differences were not evident. Researchers believe that the lowest scores on sleep development back infants 6 months to be transient and said they do not believe that the recommendations back to sleep should be changed. Other Scientists said that the conclusion that negative effects of sleep again at 18 months is based on evidence and very little transient there is no long-term randomized trials have been completed.
Other side effects include back sleeping position increased withdrawal rate of the shoulder, positional plagiocephaly and positional torticollis. Some scientists deny that plagiocephaly is a negative effect. Dr. Peter Fleming which is co-author of the study considers that the delays at the age of 6 months to be temporary, said he does not believe that is plagiocephaly a negative effect of sleep. In an interview with The Guardian Dr. Fleming said, "I do not think it's a medical problemt is more than one cosmetics. Mothers may feel it is a syndrome, and a problem when it is really stupid. "A study of children with plagiocephaly revealed that 26% had mild to severe psychomotor retardation. This study also showed that 10% of babies with plagiocephaly had mild to severe mental retardation.
Due to delays caused by sleep again some health professionals have suggested that the "normal" age at which children had already passed the stages of development must be rejected. This will to health professionals to consider "normal" children who were previously considered underdeveloped.
Other studies have reported that the following conditions associated with negative sleep position, increased sleep apnea, a decrease of sleep duration, strabismus, delayed social skills, plagiocephaly deformation, and TMJ problems. In addition, The following are symptoms that are associated with sleep apnea, impaired growth, delayed development of the syndrome infants, neurocognitive disorders, daytime sleepiness, emotional problems, memory problems, learning disabilities and delayed the skills non-verbal. Conditions related to the deformation plagiocephaly include visual impairment, brain dysfunction, developmental delays and psychomotor decline in mental functioning. The conditions associated with serious delays milestone others include speech and language. In addition, He speculated that delays in motor skills can have a negative impact on the development of social skills. In addition, other Studies have shown that the prone position prevents subluxation of the hip, psychomotor development increases, prevent scoliosis, behavior gastroesophageal reflux disease, decreases infant screaming periods causes less fatigue in children and increases the relief of infant suffering from colic. In addition, Babies sleep a lot before campaign accused self-treated their own torticollis by turning his head from side to side while sleeping in the prone position. Laying the children can not sleep treat themselves their own torticollis.
Read more
Joan Hodgman, Toke Hoppenbrouwers (2004). SIDS. Calabasas, California: Monte Nido press. ISBN 0-9742663-0-2.
Notes
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^ Group Work on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (November 2005). "The concept of evolution syndrome sudden infant death in infants: diagnosis changes coding, the controversy over the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk, "Pediatrics 116 (5). 124555 doi:. 10.1542/peds.2005-1499. PMID 16216901. ; 116/5/1245.
Ball H ^ (September 2009). "It covers the airway during co-sleeping "health care for children Dev 35 (5): .. 72 837 doi:. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00979.x PMID 19531119 . .? com / solve / openurl genre = article & sid = nlm: pubmed & issn = 0305-1862 & date = 2009 & volume = 35 & topic = 5 & spage = 728.
^ Chapter 5 pages 180 194, secondhand smoke is connected to SIDS.
^ "Smoking during pregnancynited States, 1990-2002." MMWR Summary Morb Mortal Rep 53 (39): 9115. October 2004. PMID 15470322. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a1.htm.
^ Smartmoney.com on beds
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^ "The evolution of the concept of infant death syndrome Sudden changes in diagnosis coding, controversies regarding sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in risk reduction "American Http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics Academy of Pediatrics; .. 116/5/1245 # SEC15 Accessed on 11/06/2008 ..
Van Gestel ^ Johannes Petrus Josephus; Loir Paulina Monique, Maartje ten Berge, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen and Frans Berend Pltz (December 6, 2002). "The risks of old practices in Time modern "(in English) (html) Pediatrics 110 (6):. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e78 Retrieved E78 15/12/2009 …
^ Gerard, Claudia M., Kathleen A. Harris and Bradley T. Thach (December 6, 2002). "The spontaneous awakening in infants in the supine While wrapped in layers and Unswaddled during rapid eye movement and sleep in peace "(in English) (html) Pediatrics 110 (6): .. E70 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/ E70. Accessed 15/12/2009.
^ Franco P, Scaillet S, J Groswasser, A. Kahn (December 2004). "The increase in responses to the challenges of autonomic cardiac hearing babies in question "(in English) (pdf). Dream. http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/270811.pdf. Accessed 15/12/2009.
^ A. Brooks-Brunn JA Short, DS Reeves, JA Yeager J, Thorpe (June 1996). "The effects of the layer facing the standard position on the neuro-muscular in preterm low birth weight "Neonatal Netw 15 (4):. .. 2531 PMID 8716525
^ "Figure 4. Meta-analysis of studies relationship of a pacifier. Used for the last dream of victims of SIDS compared with controls of the American Academy of Pediatrics . Retrieved 116/5/1245/F4. 11.06.2008.
^ ab "The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding changes, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in risk reduction "of the American Academy of Pediatrics ; … 116/5/1245 # SEC6 Retrieved 11/06/2008.
^ Li DK, Willinger M, Petitti DB, Odoul R, Liu L, Hoffman HJ (2006). "The use of a dummy (pacifier) ​​during sleep and risk of sudden death syndrome (SIDS): population case-control study. Study "BMJ 332 (7532): 1822 doi:. PMID 16339767 10.1136/bmj.38671.640475.55 ..
^ K-phox Coleman Odoul R, Li DK (October 2008). "Using a fan during sleep and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in infants Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (10): 9638 .. doi:. 10.1001/archpedi.162.10.963 PMID 18838649 Abstract/162/10/963 ..
Carla K. ^ Johnson (Associated Press) (08/09/2008). "Fan use linked to lower risk of sudden infant death." "Toronto Star". http://www.parentcentral.ca/parent/article/513143. Retrieved 11.09.2008. , Also on Science Online
^ "Statement policy for home guards in the beds -. Consumer Product Safety "http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/legislation/pol/bumper-bordure_e.html. Accessed 27/06/2007.
^ Gizela BA (2001). "Postmortem changes in the concentration of hemoglobin in mice Sprague-Dawley white" (In Indonesian). Ilmu Kedokteran Berkal 33: 20710.
Sherburn RE ^, RO Jenkins (September 2004). "Cot mattresses as reservoirs of bacteria potentially abuse and the sudden infant death syndrome "FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 42 (1 ):… 7684 doi:. 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.011 PMID 15325400 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/ .. ? openurl genre = article & sid = nlm: pubmed & issn = 0928-8244 & date = 2004 & volume = 42 & topic = 1 & spage = 76.
^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman G (July 1976). "Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia." J. Med Aust. 2 (1): 312. PMID 979792.
^ J Donovan (September 1979). "Vitamin C and sudden death, where is the evidence?". Med J Aust. 2 (6): 311. PMID 522,763.
Holborow P ^ (April 1980). "Syndrome the sudden infant death. "Am J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (4): 7301. PMID 7361687. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/730." There was some controversy the role of vitamin C in sudden death .. "
E ^ Cheraskin (October 1995). "Vitamin C and smoking. SIDS health JR Soc 115 (5): 332 PMID 7473510 ..
Dick A ^ R, Ford (November 2009). "Cholinergic mechanisms and oxidative stress of sudden infant death" Acta Paediatr 98 (11 ):… 176 875 doi:. PMID 19706020 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01476.x.
^ PJ Fleming, PS Blair, EA Mitchell (November 2002). "Mattresses, microenvironments, and analysis multivariate. "BMJ 325 (7371): 9812. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7371.981. PMID 12411332. 1124537 PMC. http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12411332.
^ "Cradle of Life 2000 aims to eliminate the cradle." Cotlife2000.co.nz. http://www.cotlife2000.co.nz/. Accessed 15/10/2009.
Press ^ See FSID press.
^ Cotlife2000.co.nz Errors and illusions in the report of the United Kingdom Limerick: an overview, Cradle Life 2000
^ Katz DM (2005). "Regulation Development of respiratory neurons by neurotrophic signaling mechanisms and transcription. "Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 149 (3.1): 99,109. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.02.007. PMID 16203214.
^ CAPI – Investigation of SIDS
^ See http://wonder.cdc.gov and http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis, Inds, death & language = English for data on SIDS by Sex United States and worldwide.
^ Mage DT, Donner EM (September 2004). "Excess hundred and fifty men of the infant respiratory mortality. "Acta Paediatr. 93 (9): 12,105. doi: 10.1080/08035250410031305. PMID 15384886. = nlm: pubmed & issn = 0803-5253 & date = 2004 & volume = 93 & issue = 9 & spage = 1210.
^ See the data available to http://wonder.cdc.gov 9ICD 911-912 and W79-W80 10ICD rate of death from inhalation of foreign food and sex.
^ Osmond C, Murphy M (October 1988). "Seasonality in the syndrome of sudden infant death syndrome in infants." Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2 (4): 33,745. PMID 3072532.
^ Glatt, John (2000). Sudden Infant Death: An incredible true story of a mother, a murder many, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312973020.
^ Havill, Adrian (2002). During sleep Innocent: A story of vengeance, a crime and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312975171.
^ Spinelli, Margaret (2003). Infanticide: Psychosocial and legal perspectives of the rights of mothers who kill. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 27. ISBN 1585620971.
^ Stanton J, Simpson A (December 2001). "The diagnosis murder and SIDS: the perspective of the author "Arch Dis Child 85 (6): 4549 doi .. :…. 10.1136/adc.85.6.454 PMID 11719326 1719021 http://adc.bmj.com PMC / cgi / pmidlookup ? view = long = 11719326 & PMID.
Emery JL ^ (October 1993). "The infant mortality rate of child abuse, sudden infant death and shot." I J Dis Child 147 (10) 1097100. PMID 8213682.
^ "The investigation of SIDS." N Engl J Med 315 (26): 16757. December 1986. PMID 3785340.
^ Strickland, Carol (19/10/1997). "Investigation of an outbreak of cases of SIDS, exposure of infanticide." The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A06EED9163FF93AA25753C1A961958260. Accessed 20/04/2008.
^ "About the statistics and the law" (website). Royal Statistical Society. (23/10/2001) Retrieved 22.9.2007
Klonoff-Cohen H ^, Lam PK, Lewis A (July 2005). "Open Air Carbon monoxide, nitrogen. Carbon dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome" Arch Dis Child 90 (7) 7503 doi:. .. PMID 15970620 10.1136/adc.2004.057091.
^ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids_faq.html
Thomas H. ^ Maugh II (2007) ([dead link] academic research). Hearing loss may predict the risk of SIDS. , 1.2214491. story? track = rss.
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Pelayo R, Owens J, Mindell J, Sheldon S (March 2006). "Bed sharing with parents intact is not a significant risk for the syndrome Sudden infant death: the editor of "Pediatrics 117 (3):. 9934, 9946 author reply doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2748 PMID 16510694 .. / reprint /. 117/3/993.pdf.
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^ Ab Jones MW (2004). "Child supine and prone position:. A Winning Combination" J Perinat Educ 13 (1): 1020. doi: 10.1624/105812404X109357. PMID 17273371.
^ H Carter, "Full Steam" – The Guardian: Tuesday, July 8, 2003.
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^ P. Stevens, "The other side of Back to Sleep "by O & P Edge.
^ Von Hofsten C (June 2004). "An action perspective on motor development." Trends cogn. Science. (Reg. Ed) 8 (6). 26672. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.002. PMID 15165552. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661304001019.
^ Sigmundsson H, Do M (October 2000). "[Children and motor skills]" (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Ni. Laegeforen. 120 (25): 304850. PMID 11109395.
^ Graham JM, Gomez M, Halberg A, et al. (February 2005). Management deformation plagiocephaly. Repositioning from orthopedic treatment " J. Pediatr. 146 (2): 25,862. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.10.016. PMID 15689920.
^ N. Lewak "Book Review: Small Island States." Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (4): 405. http://archpedi.highwire.org/cgi/content/full/158/4/405.
1989 "Sleep and wakefulness Synchrony mother-child co-sleeping man Implications for the study of SIDS. "Fourth World Congress of Child Psychiatry and related disciplines (poster session). Lugano, Switzerland. Presented also in 58 th Annual Meeting of the American Association of P. ..
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